KINDS OF TEXT
Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided into several types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. These variations are known as GENRES.
TEXT GENRES:
- Procedure
2. Recount
3.Narrative
4.Description
5.News Item
6.Report
7.Analytical Exposition
8.Spoof
9.Hortatory Exposition
10.Explanation
11.Discussion
12. Review
1). PROCEDURE
Social function: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :
ü Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
ü Use of action verbs (turn, put)
ü Use of connectives(first, then, finally)
Example of Procedure Text – How to Make Cheese Omelet
How to Make Cheese Omelet
Ingredients:
- 1 egg, 50 g cheese
- 1 cup milk
- 3 table spoons cooking oil
- A pinch of salt and pepper
Utensils you need:
- Frying pan
- Fork
- Spatula
- Cheese grater
- Bowl
- Plate
How to make it:
- Crack an egg into a bowl.
- Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth.
- Add milk and whisk well.
- Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir.
- Heat the oil in a frying pan.
- Pour the mixture into the frying pan.
- Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns.
- Cook both sides.
- Place on a plate, spread salt and pepper.
- Eat while warm.
2). RECOUNT
Social function: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)
Language features:
ü Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
ü Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
ü Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
ü Use of adverbial phrases
ü Use of adjective ( The smart remarks and a bald head)
Example of Recount Text
Travelling
Mr. and Mrs. Charly were on a tour to Europe. They were travelling on a guided tour to five countries. They were going to travel through The Netherland, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, and France for two weeks.
The guide for the tour was a Swiss. On the day of the travel the guide told them to check their passports, their traveler cheques, and their foreign cash. He told them to keep them safely.
They traveled in a comfortable coach with a toilet, music, and video. The guide stopped the coach at many famous places. He explained the cultural importance of the places. They stayed in big hotels for the night and ate in the restaurants.
On the way, they stopped at small inns to eat lunch. In big towns, they went for shopping. They bought many souvenirs for their friends. They enjoyed the two-week tour.
3). NARRATIVE
Social function: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)
Language features:
1. Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
2. Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
3. Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
4. Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
5. Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)
THREE FISH
Once three fish lived in a pond. One evening, some fishermen passed by the pond and saw the fish. “This pond is full of fish”, they told each other excitedly. “we have never fished here before. We must come back tomorrow morning with our nets and catch these fish!” So saying, the fishermen left.
When the eldest of the three fish heard this, he was troubled. He called the other fish together and said, “Did you hear what the fishermen said? W must leave this pond at once. The fishermen will return tomorrow and kill us all!” The second of the three fish agreed. “You are right”, he said. “We must leave the pond.”
But the youngest fish laughed. “You are worrying without reason”, he said. “We have lived in this pond all our lives, and no fisherman has ever come here. Why should these men return? I am not going anywhere – my luck will keep me The eldest of the fish left the pond that very evening with his entire family. The second fish saw the fishermen coming in the distance early next morning and left the pond at once with all his family. The third fish refused to leave even then.
The fishermen arrived and caught all the fish left in the pond. The third fish’s luck did not help him – he was caught and killed.
4). DESCRIPTION
Social Function: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure:
1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language features:
ü Focus on specific participants
ü Use of attributive and identifying processes
ü Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
ü Use of the Simple Present Tense
A DESCRIPTIVE TEXT EXAMPLE – MY FAMILY
My family has four members: those are I, my sister, and parents ofcourse.My mother is 47 years old. Her name’s Anisa. She’s thin-faced and she’s got long, blond hair and beautiful green eyes. She is still slim because she always tries to stay in shape. She is very good-looking,alwayswell-dressedandelegant.
My father, Lukman, is 5 years older than my mother. He is 52. In spite of his age he’s still black-haired, with several grey hairs. He has bright blue eyes. He is quite tall, but a bit shorter than me. He’s very hard-working. Besides that he is working in a travel company. He can even make a dinner when my mother is outside. His cooking and his meals are always very tasty as well as my mothers’.
Finally, my sister Nadina. She is 22. She is also red-haired and green-eyed. She has long wavy hair and freckles. She is definitely shorter than me. She is rather introverted. But she is very sensible, smart and co-operative. Right now she is studying English and also knows Arabic and Mandarin. I want
to be as smart as she is.
They all, except me, speak Sundanese very well, because we were living in Bandung for 5 years. My sister have been going to primary school there. Unfortunately I was only 3 when we were leaving to Jakarta, so I can’t speak Sundanese. Now we are happily living in Jakarta.
5) NEWS ITEM
News item is a type of the text that has the main function or communicative purpose to inform readers of listeners or viewer about events of the day that are considered newsworthy or important. The generic structure of news item has elements as follows.
Social function: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure:
1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)
Language features:
ü Information on the use of head lines.
ü Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
ü Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
ü Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
ü Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)
Examples and structures of the text
| Town ‘Contaminated | |
| Newsworthy events | Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town. |
| Background Events | Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock. |
| The accident, which occurred13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy. | |
| Sumber InformasiSources | A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy. |
In April 2005, the number of people killed in December 26 tsunami disaster which devastated in Indian Ocean. Countries have been revised down to 217,000 after Indonesia drastically reduced its number of missing. Indonesia remains the worst hit country with 163,978 people dead and missing.
According to the National Disaster Relief Coordination Agency, the number confirmed dead was 126,915 people while 37,067 were listed as missing. Officials said the figure listed as missing had now been identified among more than half a million homeless people living in the temporary camps or other shelters.
6). REPORT
Social function: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization:
1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical apparts, qualities, habits/behaviour).
Language features:
ü Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
ü Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
ü Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
ü Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
ü Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)
EXAMPLE OF REPORT TEXT
Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.
You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by motorised waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges.
You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside.
They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.
7). ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social function: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position.)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence).
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented).
Language features:
ü Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
ü Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
ü Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.
ü Usually present tense
ü Compound and complex sentences
Example of Analytical Exposition
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.
Notes on the generic structure:
From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.
Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic. Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that smoking is not a good habit.
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies
8). SPOOF
Social function: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure:
1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)
Language features:
ü Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
ü Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
ü Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
EXAMPLE OF SPOOF TEXT
LOVING MONEY TOO MUCH
There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He was a real miser when it came to his money. He loved money more than just about anything.
Even, just before he died, he said to his wife; “Now listen, when I die, I want you to take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my money to the afterlife.” So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he died, she would put all the money in the casket with him.
Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife was sitting there in black clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished the ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the wife said “Wait just a minute!”
She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the casket. After that the undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long after that, her friend said, “I hope you were not crazy enough to put all that money in the casket.”
The wife turned to her friend and replied; “Yes, because I have promised.” Then she continued; “I can’t lie. I promised him that I was going to put that money in that casket with him.” Feeling shocked, her friend said; “You mean that you have put every cent of his money in the casket with him?” Then the wife answered; “Surely I did. I got it all together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check.”
9). HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Social function: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure:
1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)
Language features:
ü Emotive words: alarmed, worried
ü Words that qualify statements: usual probably
ü Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
ü Usually present tense
ü Compound and complex sentences
ü Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must
Now, we will see the following example of hortatory text:
Watch your Kids While Watching TV
Television becomes one of the most important devices which take place inj another house. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely “Yes” and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.
Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or at bedtime often causes bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with such tips as: (1) limit television viewing to one-two hours each day, (2) do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms, (3) review the rating of TV shows which your children watch, and (4) watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show.
Notes on the Generic Structure of this Hortatory Exposition example
The above text can be considered as a hortatory exposition text, as its purpose is to influence and persuade the readers by presenting the supporting arguments. The following is the analysis of its generic structure:
Thesis: The writer’s thought is presented as thesis which is proven with several arguments. In the first paragraph, the writer points his thought about the importance of accompanying children while they are watching TV show. It is important to protect the children from the bad influences of TV show.
Arguments: The next paragraphs show the writer arguments in supporting his thesis. It is supported by various researches that there are a great relationship between watching TV and the watcher’s personality. One study describes that much time in watching TV can cause bed-time disruption. The others show the possibility of becoming an aggressive character because of watching television too much.
Recommendation: After stating the thesis and proving with various arguments, the text is completed with the writer’s recommendation on how the parents should protect the children from the bed effect of watching TV.
10) EXPLANATION
Social function: To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena.
Generic structure:
1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
3. Closing
Language features:
ü Focus on generic, non-human participants.
ü Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.
THE EXAMPLE OF EXPLANATION
How Rainbow is Formed
Rainbow is one of optic phenomena that happens in the atmosphere of the earth naturally. We can see it at mountin range, or when it is cloudy, or when it is raining and rising of sun. We have to be the other side for looking. We just can see it a half of circle form, but acctually the rainbow is a circle form. We can see it perfectly, if it is seen by standing in the high place. It is real that rainbow is a circle form not like parabola form. On the ground, we can not see perfectly, except if we are in the high place like in the air plane or standing on top of moutain. When we are looking at rainbow’s colors, we will see them that ordered of red is on the highest order, and purple is on the lowest order.
Red is more dominant than another color caused by having biggest wave between others. Therefore the red one is in the highest order and purple one is in lowest order. How rainbow is formed? Try to watch it when light of sun concerns a 90-degree angle mirror or a glass prism side, or surface of soap foam. We can see colors on the light. The light is rayyed to be some wave lenght of light that it is seen by our eyes as red, bright red, yellow, green, blue and purple. These colors are compnents of light that they are called visible light. The other component is invisible light such as infrared (red is in the right side), and ultraviolet (bright red is in the left side).
So, we can see the beautiful rainbow because there are some processes to be beautiful rainbow that it appears in the sky.
11). DISCUSSION
Social function: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)
Generic structure:
1. Opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding recommendation.
Language features:
ü Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
ü Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
ü Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
ü Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
ü Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
ü Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
ü Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
ü Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.
Example of discussion text
Internet Game for Students
Internet game or game online is popular for students. It can refresh our mind from the busy school day. Do you know the impact of the game online?
In fact, game online has many positive sides. It can make students be spared from being stress. They can also learn English through the game online because it has many vocabularies of instruction. Game online can stimulate the creativity of students because to play the game, we need to think desperately hard.
On the other hand, internet game can make students of being lazy to study because they spend too much of their time to play than to study. They also spend money to play the game if at home they are not provided with internet connection. On the game online often appears many sexy model which not necessary to be seen by them, it can make poisoning student’s mind.
Indeed there are pros and cons about game online. It depends on how we manage our time, money, and the game to benefit our life.
12). REVIEW
Social function: To critique an art work or event for a public audience.
Generic structure:
1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.
Language features:
ü Focus on specific participants
ü Use of adjectives
ü Use of long and complex clauses
ü Use of metaphor
Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.
The example of review
Example of Review text
Romantic Rhapsody
Written by Theresia, Student of SMAN ! Welahan Jepara, Grade XII PIA 2, 2006/2007
Artist: ADA Band
Title : Romantic Rhapsody
Genre : Pop
Production : EMI Music Indonesia
ADA band is the most popular group band in Indonesia. They are Doni (vocal), Krishna (keyboard), Marshall (guitar), Dika (bass), and additional player on drum, Rere. ADA Band has produced 6 album since 1996.
After successed with their album Heaven of Love, this time, ADA Band again release the 7th album. The title is Romantic Rhapsody. There are 12 songs in this album. This is special album because all of player make several songs. Not only that, but also the color of music is more variety.
If we hear Senandung Lagu Cinta, we will hear the sound of Marshall’s guitar influenced by classical guitar from spain. On the song of Jalan Cahaya, ADA Band featuring Ubiet. This song is about God.
From 12 songs, Karena Wanita become a hit because this song is dedicated to all woman in the world.
This album is deserved to be obtained and you should have this album.
ENGLISH EDUCATION 